Showing posts with label Concrete. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Concrete. Show all posts

transparent concrete


Research and development of plastic optical fiber based smart transparent concrete‏


Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems 2009 7293, 72930F, 2009‏
Energy saving and safety evaluation are two key issues for infrastructure. In this paper, the development of a novel smart 
transparent concrete using plastic optical fiber (POF) and Fiber 











Bragg Grating (FBG) is discussed, along with its transparent and smart sensing properties. The experimental results show that an optical fiber can be easily combined with concrete and that the POF could provide a steady light transmitting ratio. Moreover, the FBG can be used as a sensing element for strain and temperature. This paper also discusses the mechanical effects of introducing POF into concrete specimens. Because the smart transparent concrete can be regarded as a "green" energy saving construction material and as a smart intrinsic sensor for long-term Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), it is a promising technology for field applications in civil infrastructure.

Repairing and Strengthenin concrete Structure


Repairing and Strengthenin Structure



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مكتبة متنوعة لاعمال الحصر والخرسانة و التشطيبات وكتب اخرى قيمة ومفيدة


مكتبة متنوعة لاعمال الحصر والخرسانة و التشطيبات وكتب اخرى قيمة ومفيدة لا تفوتكم

عدد الكتب 60 كتاب

أعمال الحصر - حصر كميات - خرسانة - تشطيبات

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احتياطات يجب مراعاتها عند صب الخرسانة


الصب

يجب مراعاة الإحتياطات الآتية أثناء عملية الصب:-

- فى حالة صب الحوائط والأعمدة التى يتجاوز إرتفاعها ٢٫٥ متر فلا يجوز صبها بكامل الإرتفاع ويجب عمل شباك فى أحد جوانب القالب على إرتفاعات لاتزيد عن ٢٫٥ متر ويتم الصب من هذه الفتحات حيث يتم تقفيلها أولاً بأول مع مراعاة دمك الخرسانة ميكانيكيا .
- فى حالة صب بلاطة أو لبشة خرسانية بإرتفاع كبير يراعى أن تصب على طبقات سمكها يتراوح من ٤٠ إلى ٥٠ سم .
- يلزم مراعاة تحديد أماكن إيقاف الصب وسطح نهاية الصب (بلاطات وكمرات وأعمدة) مسبقاً قبل بدء الصب . وينبغى أن يكون إيقاف الصب فى الأماكن التى عندها عزم الإنحناء يساوى صفر أو بأقل قيمة ممكنة . ويراعى ترك سطح الخرسانة عند نهاية الصب مائلا خشنا فى البلاطات والكمرات وأفقيا خشنا فى الأعمدة. ولا يفضل وقف الصب عند المقاطع التى
عندها قوى قص عالية .
- يجب فى كل منطقة من مناطق الصب البداية بصب الكمرات الرئيسية ثم الكمرات الثانوية ثم الأسقف .
- إذا زادت درجة الحرارة عن ٣٦ درجة مئوية فى الظل يجب مراعاة الإحتياطات الآتية:-

1. تظليل تشوينات الركام الكبير والصغير ويمكن تبريد الركام الكبير بإستخدام رشاشات مياه .
2. إذا كان الأسمنت سائباً فى صوامع فإنه يجب دهانها من الخارج بمادة عاكسة لأشعة الشمس أما إذا كان فى أكياس فترص تحت سقيفة مهواة .
3. يبرد الماء قبل إستعماله فى خلط الخرسانة بإستخدام الثلج أو بأى وسيلة أخرى .
4 . دهان الخلاطات من الخارج بمواد عاكسة لأشعة الشمس أو تغطية الحلة بطبقة من الخيش مع رشها بالماء .
5. رش القوالب بالمياه قبل الصب مباشرة .


Concrete Cracking




A common adage is that there are two guarantees with concrete. One, it will get hard and two, it will crack. Cracking is a frequent cause of complaints in the concrete industry. The Concrete Foundations Association has produced a new flyer to help contractors educate their customers about the causes of cracks and when they should be a concern. A more detailed explanation of cracking is presented in this article.

Cracking can be the result of one or a combination of factors such as drying shrinkage, thermal contraction, restraint (external or internal) to shortening, subgrade settlement, and applied loads. Cracking can not be prevented but it can be significantly reduced or controlled when the causes are taken into account and preventative steps are taken.

Another problem associated with cracking is public perception. Cracks can be unsightly but many consumers feel that if a crack develops in their wall or floor that the product has failed. In the case of a wall, if a crack is not structural, is not too wide (the acceptable crack of a crack depends on who you ask and ranges from 1/16” to 1/4”) and is not leaking water, it should be considered acceptable. It is in the best interest of you, the wall contractor, to educate your customers that the wall will crack and when it should be a concern to them.

Cracks that occur before hardening usually are the result of settlement within the concrete mass, or shrinkage of the surface (plastic-shrinkage cracks) caused by loss of water while the concrete is still plastic.

Settlement cracks may develop over embedded items, such as reinforcing steel, or adjacent to forms or hardened concrete as the concrete settles or subsides. Settlement cracking results from insufficient consolidation (vibration), high slumps (overly wet concrete), or a lack of adequate cover over embedded items.

Plastic-shrinkage cracks are most common in slabs and are relatively short cracks that may occur before final finishing on days when wind, a low humidity, and a high temperature occur. Surface moisture evaporates faster than it can be replaced by rising bleed water, causing the surface to shrink more than the interior concrete. As the interior concrete restrains shrinkage of the surface concrete, stresses can develop that exceed the concrete's tensile strength, resulting in surface cracks. Plastic-shrinkage cracks are of varying lengths spaced from a few centimeters (inches) up to 3 m (10 ft) apart and often penetrate to mid-depth of a slab.

Cracks that occur after hardening usually are the result of drying shrinkage, thermal contraction, or subgrade settlement. While drying, hardened concrete will shrink about 1/16 in. in 10 ft of length. One method to accommodate this shrinkage and control the location of cracks is to place construction joints at regular intervals. For example, joints can be constructed to force cracks to occur in places where they are inconspicuous or predictable. Horizontal reinforcement steel can be installed to reduce the number of cracks or prevent those that do occur from opening too wide.

The major factor influencing the drying shrinkage properties of concrete is the total water content of the concrete. As the water content increases, the amount of shrinkage increases proportionally. Large increases in the sand content and significant reductions in the size of the coarse aggregate increase shrinkage because total water is increased and because smaller size coarse aggregates provide less internal restraint to shrinkage. Use of high-shrinkage aggregates and calcium chloride admixtures also increases shrinkage. Within the range of practical concrete mixes – 470 to 750 lb/yd3 (5- to 8-bag mixes) cement content – increases in cement content have little to no effect on shrinkage as long as the water content is not increased significantly.

Concrete has a coefficient of thermal expansion and contraction of about 5.5 x 10-6 per °F. Concrete placed during hot midday temperatures will contract as it cools during the night. A 40°F drop in temperature between day and night-not uncommon in some areas-would cause about 0.03 in. of contraction in a 10-ft length of concrete, sufficient to cause cracking if the concrete is restrained. Thermal expansion can also cause cracking.

Structural cracks in residential foundations usually result from settlement or horizontal loading. Most (but not all) structural cracks resulting from applied loads are nearly horizontal (parallel to the floor) and occur 16” to 48” from the top of the wall. They are much more prevalent concrete block construction. They can be brought about by hydrostatic pressure or heavy equipment next to the foundation.

Diagonal cracks that extend nearly the full height of the wall are often an indication of settlement. In either of the above conditions, an engineer should be consulted. Diagonal cracks emanating from the corner of windows and other openings are called reentrant cracks and are usually the result of stress build-up at the corner. Diagonal reinforcement at the corner of openings can reduce the instance of crack formation and will keep the cracks narrow.

Other procedures which can reduce cracking in concrete include the following practices.
Minimize the mix water content by maximizing the size and amount of coarse aggregate and by using low-shrinkage aggregate.
Use the lowest amount of mix water required for workability and placement; do not permit overly wet consistencies.
Use calcium chloride admixtures only when necessary.
Prevent rapid loss of surface moisture while the concrete is still plastic through use of spray-applied finishing aids or plastic sheets to avoid plastic-shrinkage cracks (more important in slabs)
Provide contraction joints at reasonable intervals, 30 times the wall thickness is a good “rule-of-thumb”.
Prevent extreme changes in temperature after placement and initial cure.
Properly place and consolidate the concrete.

Cracks can also be caused by freezing and thawing of saturated concrete, alkali- aggregate reactivity, sulfate attack, or corrosion of reinforcing steel. However, cracks from these sources may not appear for years. Proper mix design and selection of suitable concrete materials can significantly reduce or eliminate the formation of cracks and deterioration related to freezing and thawing, alkali-aggregate reactivity, sulfate attack, or steel corrosion.

Eco-Dome


Eco-Dome: "Moon Cocoon"

The Eco-Dome is a small home design of approximately 400 square feet (40 sq. meters) interior space. It consists of a large central dome, surrounded by four smaller niches and a wind-scoop, in a clover leaf pattern.

Learning and building an Eco-Dome is the next stage after building a small emergency shelter and provides hands-on learning experience in the essential aspects of Superadobe construction. It's small size of approximately 400 square feet (interior space), makes it a manageable structure for the first time owner builder.

The finished "very small house" is self-contained and can become a small guest house, studio apartment, or be the first step in a clustered design for community use in an Eco-Village of vaults and domes.


Some features of the Eco-Dome include:
Built from local earth-filled Superadobe coils (earth stabilized with cement or lime).
Tree free.
Maximum use of space through alternative options. The main dome and four niches, depending on local code approval, can function as:
main living room, entrance hall, kitchen, bathroom, bedroom (called "bed-womb" because of it's small, organic form!)
living room, entrance hall, and three bed-rooms.
living room, entrance hall, two bedrooms, and a bathroom.
Self-contained single unit (potential for a guest house or studio apartment) or double unit (larger family residence).
Can be repeated and joined together to form larger homes and courtyard houses.
Can be built by a team of 3-5 persons.
Designed with the sun, shade and wind for passive cooling and heating.
Wind-scoop can be combined with a rated furnace unit, depending on local code approval. Solar energy and radiant heating may be incorporated.
Interior furniture can be built-in with same material.

The Blueprints for this design have been previously approved and built in Hesperia City and San Bernardino County, California, as well as other regions nationally and internationally.
The Eco-Dome construction kit package (single unit) includes:
documentary step-by-step DVD "Eco-Dome, building a small home", construction documents (mini-version, including the construction specification), unfilled Superadobe roll/earth-bags, educational book on Superadobe construction entitled "Sandbag Shelter and Eco-Village".
The full Eco-Dome blueprint package (double unit) includes:
construction document blueprints, engineering calculations as permitted under the 1997 UBC / 2001 California Code, construction specification, title 24 energy calculations, and the engineering record. All plans are numbered. The above plans and materials are used in the Cal-Earth apprenticeship courses.

We are currently updating these construction documents to the latest building codes. Once the necessary changes have been made the plans will once again be available for sale. Subscribe to thenewsletter to receive the latest updates from Cal-Earth.



Purchase Video DVD or Film Download


Note:
The Eco-Dome plan is a part of the Cal-Earth educational and research program. It is an educational construction document developed to be used in conjuction with the Cal-Earth apprenticeship course.
All plans and construction must be confirmed with local building and safety departments and prevailing local codes. Cal-Earth Institute, architect Nader Khalili, and their representatives and officers are not responsible for product defects, the actions or effects of individuals who build from these plans or follow it's instructions. Builders are expected to use commonsense, caution, safety precautions appropriate to a construction site, and all necessary protection to persons and property.
Superadobe Technology, U.S. patent #5,934,027, has been tested on individual domes and vaults (1993-1996) for the City of Hesperia, California, Building and Safety Department, in consultation with I.C.B.O. These structures passed the California required codes.
Superadobe/sandbag technology has been patented in the United States and overseas, to protect the innovator's right to make it freely available to the needy of the world and to the owner-builder, and to license it for commercial use.

design of concrete domes




A beach front style home on a barrier island in Florida. Survived Hurricane Ivan generating great interest in domes. The ground floor is all garage and designed to let a storm surge pass through with little or no damage. This was a joint effort between myself and Jonathan Zimmerman, the San Francisco dome architect who came up with this beautiful concept with lots of input from Siglers. I did the rendering in Bryce5, the model itself in ArchiCAD. See the owners website, very interesting. See more domes in the Architectural Gallery.


The Sun-Sentinel article 
from Sunday, 14 Nov. 2004








We visited the site on Nov. 9th, 2004, several months after the storm. Mark Sigler is in the blue shirt, Loi on the left and me in the middle. The double curved stairway is gone, ripped away by the 18' storm surge. It was designed to do just that as was the the garage floor slab. A lot of houses were swept completely off their pilings and deposited hundreds of feet away. Some have obvious physical damage. Many have blue tarps over the roof. Three to six feet of sand was washed away from under the houses. Mark has already had sand brought back in. Houses that appear to be unaffected actually have extensive water damage to the interior sheetrock, carpeting and so on, because rain was forced in through the roof vents. Setting like that for a few weeks brings on the mold. They will all need to be gutted and redone inside. The destruction is unbelievable. The dome performed as expected. If utilities were turned on it would be livable as is. Mark will replace the vinyl floor tiles on the first floor. In the right light you can see the edges have curled slightly from exposure to water. 
Pensacola Beach virtually destroyed, 
but Dome of a Home still stands!
Hurricane Ivan Report From the Dome of a Home

by Valerie Sigler

September 17, 2004

Mark's decision to stay in the Dome of a Home with the news crew from MSNBC during category 4 Hurricane Ivan was a testament to his faith in the structure that we had built. Kerry Sanders, the MSNBC correspondent, had been reporting on hurricanes for twenty-one years. He also felt confident in the engineering and design of the home. As I stayed in contact with Mark throughout the evening as Hurricane Ivan approached, he expressed surprise and delight with how well the structure was responding. Live coverage was broadcast on MSNBC until the equipment succumbed to the storm.

2:30 AM -- The eye of Hurricane Ivan is now making landfall. Pensacola Beach is in absolutely the worst position (upper right hand quadrant - east) as the storm arrives. Most of the MSNBC crew is asleep. Asleep? I guess that is testament to the confidence the crew had in the home and the fact that the noise from the storm was not unbearable. Mark is awake listening as the wind intensifies and the water is crashing across the island. The storm surge and rain caused five feet of water to rise underneath the dome. Mark says he can hear debris crashing into the dome, but does not feel any movement of the dome from the surging Gulf although the water is flowing over the entire island. Although he has no visual confirmation, he said it sounds like there are tornadoes howling around the island. The most unnerving sensation is the realization that there is no land until you reach Gulf Breeze.

7:30 AM -- Daylight has brought devastating visuals of a storm whose damage far exceeds that of Hurricane Opal in 1995.

The Dome of a Home has maintained its structural integrity! Everyone is safe and the home will be livable again with some necessary repairs. We did have wind driven rain leak through the windows and flood the floors. The good news is that the dome is still standing, albeit with some exterior damage from the staircases that were ripped away by the waves. The geo-thermal system is damaged, the fences gone, and the garage concrete floor has disappeared.

Mark has been traipsing across the island and says that the devastation is extensive. All lower floors are gone with the blow-out walls doing exactly as designed -- being blown away, literally. It seems evident the entire beach was covered with at least 5 feet of water. All of the garages and their concrete floors have disappeared. The Catholic Church's roof has sustained much damage and the school looks like it has been hit hard. Homes that were older and still on the ground level have basically vanished. The surge has subsided on the Gulf side, but the Sound side of the island is still under waist deep water.

Read the report filed by the MSNBC reporter, Kerry Sanders, that rode out the storm in the dome with Mark.

Foundation Preparation, Concrete Slab Pouring


Foundation Preparation, Concrete Slab Pouring 


Inspectors from the City of Gulf Shores came and met with my builder, Dan Zehentner today to inspect the central footing and slab area before it is poured. 
They did a very close inspection. 

The slab was poured very early July 28th. The webmaster had not gotten over to the job early enuf to take photos of the cement mixer :o) When I got there, the finishing procedures had begun. Scott Coutts was there with his men. One of them was scooping out concrete mix in the place where a plastic bucket was later inserted to allow for a depression where a sump pump could be placed if water should ever enter the basement area. 


Scott is using the rotating machine that floats across the finished surface of the basement floor. The rebar that is sticking up will go up through the center of the DAC-ART blocks as they are lowered over them to form the exterior walls of the house. It is important to know the exact placement of these rods so they go thru the opening in a block and not end up sticking up where two blocks meet. 


Footing Trench-- July 31, 2007
Scott used a cute little mini-back-ho to do the rough digging for the garage footing to the north and the porch footing to the south of the center part of the building which has already had the slab poured. The men hand dug the exact opening. 







Today, we had a meeting. Dan and me and Mike and Ryan of New Stone Age Builders. We discussed various options for a piece of equipment to stack the blocks. Renting vs. purchasing is one main consideration. I had spent some time researching on the web and especially eBay for flatbed boom trucks, telehandlers, truck-mounted cranes, etc.. Mike and crew wills tack our blocks, but we have to come up with the equipment to do it.

The inspector (yellow shirt) showed up to see the garage and porch footing. He OK'd the porch footing to be poured but not the garage. There was water present and it is true that we have had a lot of rain lately, but he wanted to be sure that we had not dug into a water aquifer. We will observe the north trench for a day or two. Unfortunately, it is raining again right this minute, and since it is blocked from run-off by the slab that is already poured, so it may take a few days to see if it dries out. 

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